第五十三运河争端
李松与孟小惠正在视察麦德林城。
“叔叔，这麦城里教堂太多了，天主教势力太多，应该打压，东西南北留下四座就行了，其余十几座可以改建为图书馆，医院，学校，怎么样？”
“没问题，不过干这事要有大义名份才行，这样子，你们暂时成立一个红十字会的慈善机构专门做一件事，要广泛宣传这个事情！”
孟小惠连忙答应下来。
“对了，这个电台和报纸也尽快在麦城建起来，中文和西班牙语暂时都成为官方语言，几所大学也要开没汉语课，與论问题不能小看。”
“未来波哥大如果是首都的话，应该是文化交通金融，服务业，旅游业为中心，那麦德林就应该是钢铁化工，制造业中心。必竟哥伦比亚拥有了丰富的石油天然气，煤炭，黄金，另外铁矿，绿宝石也不少。真是的是物华天宝啊！”
李松感叹，哥伦比亚森林覆盖率超过60％，煤炭含硫低，易开采，铁矿含铁60％。东南西北向的两条大山间谷地宽120一250公里，长500至800公里，是哥伦比亚最大城市带和经济带。目前汉唐集团占有土地超过50万平方公里人口800万人，军队25万人，生产建设兵团15万人，民兵15万人。
………………………………………………
美国海斯总统目前正在与外部门商量。
海斯以185票对184票淘汰蒂尔顿，当选总统。这个结果被称为“1877年妥协”。不少历史学家认为，南方的政治领袖们私下跟海斯的支持者达成协议，推举他任总统，作为交换，海斯同意将联邦军队撤离南方，南部各州恢复“自治”。
这笔政治交易一方面避免了第二次内战爆发，另一方面宣告“南方重建”终结，而获得自由不久的黑人的境遇再度恶化。
解放的黑奴曾经是共和党在南方的铁杆支持者，但种族隔离政策在南方大部分州卷土重来，白人至上主义得到法律保护，黑人选举权利受到各种新规定的限制。
所以海斯一改美国的孤立主义，开始向外输出力量，启动排华法案，缓解1873年经济危机，关注巴拿马运河的开凿及控制上，但由于华人在1876年启足先登，占了巴拿马城，使美国外交政策受损。
在历史上巴拿马与美国签订了条约并承诺
And Panama signed a treaty giving America total control
在独立后会将运河的控制权交给美国
over the once they became independent.
许多人对美国干预巴拿马的做法并不满意
A lot of people weren’t happy with the US
因此罗斯福让检察长诺克斯
intervention at Panama, so Roosevelt asked Attorney General
做出了如下辩护
Knox to form a legal defense.
“亲爱的总统阁下 不要因为这么一点的不合法
“Ah Mr. President, do not let so great an achievement
让如此之大伟大的功绩无法服务于大众”
suffer from any taint of legality”
1904年 工程开始
In 1904 work began.
以约瑟夫和诺贝尔为主导的美国计划
The US plan by Joseph Ripley and Alfred Noble would be an adaptation
改进于25年前的戈丹方案
of de Lépinay’s from 25 years earlier.
他们在两端沿海修了许多水闸
A series of locks on either ocean
将船舶提升到海拔26米
to raise ships 26 meters above sea level.
然后在查格雷斯河上筑堤 让其淹没巴拿马中部的大片区域
And then dam the Chagres river to flood huge areas of central Panama.
164平方英里的丛林 城镇和铁路消失在了水下
164 square miles of jungle, town and railroad would be lost underwater.
加顿湖就此诞生 而查格雷斯河
Creating Gattun lake. The Chagres River, so
本来是海平面通道的障碍
difficult and obstacle for a sea-level passage, would
现在变成了锁渠的生命线
become the lifeline of the lock – feeding
其水源源不断地流进锁渠
it with a constant water supply.
但其所需的工程量仍然是巨大的
Yet the engineering required would still be immense.
工程仍需穿过库莱布拉山脉
The Culebra mountains must still be cut through.
而就像其巨大的水闸一样 加通大坝
Gatun dam would have to be one of the largest in the world.
也成为了世界上最大的大坝之一
As would the locks themselves.
1906年 罗斯福参观此地 并成为了美国历史上
Roosevelt himself visited in 1906 becoming the first
第一位在位期间离开本国的总统
president to leave the country while in office.
没有镐和铲子 美国人带来的是炸药
Not resigned to pickaxe and shovel the Americans brought dynamite with them.
这项工程不是单纯的挖掘 它还包括土的运输
The project became not one of digging but of Earth removal.
这就意味着数英里持续不断的铁路运输
And this meant miles and miles of continuously moving railroads.
卫生保健 住宿以及食物在这里也都有提供
Health care, accommodation and food were all provided for.
政府运营旅馆商店获取的稳定利润
Government run hotels and shops were making a steady profit, while
也都被用来补贴运河工人的费用
subsidizing the expenses of workers.
国内的报纸警告说
Papers back home warned
那些向社会主义发展的美国人
of the political threat these people would be when they returned.
回国后将面临政治威胁
Americans who had thrived into sociali
但如果你去巴拿马寻找社会主义的乌托邦
But if you’d gone to Panama looking for a socialist utopia.
那你可能会失望
You’d have been disappointed.
因为那里并没有所谓的共享所有权和民主
There was no shared ownership or democracy in action.
而且你最好是个白人
And you’d better have been white.
因为种族隔离仍然存在于各行各业
Because segregation still existed in all walks of life.
据估算
An estimated
有20万人从加勒比海迁移过来
200,000 people migrated from the Caribbean,
他们充当了绝大多数的劳工
making up the vast majority of the workforce.
提供给黑人劳工的是糟糕的食宿条件
Black workers were given appalling food and accommodation, if any at all.
单身汉往往居住在沿着运河线改装的棚车里
Single men often lived in converted boxcars along the c：没有line,
而有家庭的人也不得不在巴拿马城 或科隆
and families were forced to fend for themselves
抑或在丛林中自生自灭
in Colon, Panama City or the jungle.
尽管医疗安全取得了一定进展
Despite all the medical and safety advancements
但黑人劳工的死亡率
made a black worker was four times
仍然是白人劳工的四倍
more likely to die than a white worker.
他们往往是被掉落的岩石砸到 或被卷入机器中
Being struck by falling rock caught in machinery or
还有的是被炸药炸得四分五裂
blown apart by dynamite.
花费了33年 移走了1.8亿立方米的土块
33 years, 180 million cubic meters
成立了一个新国家
of earth, a new country and
和失去了2万7千人的生命
27,000 lives later.
运河最终完工了
The was finished.
1914年8月3日
It’s completion book marked the end
克里斯托瓦尔号首次完成跨洋航行
of a global era, on August the 3rd 1914,
这也标志着一个全球时代的结束
the Cristobal made the first ocean to ocean crossing.
但在巴拿马并没有大张旗鼓的庆祝
But there was no fanfare or celebration in Panama
就在那天夜幕降临的时候
As night fell that same day,
半个地球之外
half a (now slightly) world away
德国向法国宣战了
Germany declared war on France.
而贸易 政治和权力也再也不会是之前那样了
Trade, politics, and power would never be the same again.
1914年之后
Post 1914
在随后的一些年里 它已经变成了全球航行的生命线
In the coming years it became a lifeline of global travel.
有5%的全球贸易都要穿过这里
5% of all world trade passes through the
而其政治和金融的重要性
It’s political and financial
更是难以估计
importance became hard to overestimate.
美国与巴拿马之间的关系也越来越紧张
Tensions between the US and Panama continued to rise.
巴拿马人认为运河的控制权应当属于他们
Panamanians believed that control of the was rightfully theirs.
在美国向英法施加压力
After the US pressured the UK and France
让其放弃对苏伊士的主权后
to give up their claim to Suez,
巴拿马人更是把他们看作伪君子
many in Panama saw this as hypocritical.
在整个六十年代都充斥着骚乱和死亡
There were riots and deaths throughout the sixties,
这给美国带来了巨大的国际压力
building international pressure on the US.
1977年 卡特签署了一项条约
In 1977 Jimmy Carter signed a treaty granting Panama
只要运河保持永久中立
future ownership and control of the, as
他们将授予巴拿马对运河的所有权
long as it remained in neutral waterway.
卡特：“对于在1903年起草的巴拿马运河条约
Carter:”Your own strong feelings about the Panama Treaty of 1903.”
你们的不满情绪
“Drafted in a world so different from ours today.”
已经成为改善拉美关系的障碍”
“Has become an obstacle to better relations with Latin America.”
在1989年美国推翻将军诺列加之后
After a quick US invasion in’89 to overthrow general Noriega.
20世纪的最后一天
The Panama
巴拿马运河
officially became the property of Panama,
终于正式回到了祖国的怀抱
on the last day of the 20th century.
但是到那时
But by then it had started to become more
建造比运河更大的货船航行环过合恩角
economical to build ships larger than the and
则变得更加经济划算
start sailing around Cape Horn again.
2007年 巴拿马开始扩展运河
In 2007 Panama began expansion of their two
两套新水闸在与旧水闸平行处拔地而起
new sets of locks were built parallel to the old ones,
增加了它的最大规模和容量
increasing the maximum size and capacity.
扩展本身就是一个耗资巨大的项目
The expansion itself was a massive project,
几乎花费了和美国一样长的时间
taking almost as long as the Americans did.
因此是谁建造的运河这个问题变得复杂起来
So the issue of who built the is complicated.
美国雇用爱尔兰和中国劳工修建了铁路
It was the US that built the railroads with Irish and Chinese workers.
法国人雇用印第安和牙买加人挖了5000万立方米的岩石
The French excavated 50 million cubic meters of rock with Indians and Jamaicans.
美国雇用加勒比和中美洲工人完成了该项目
The US finished the project using Caribbean and Central American workers.
然而 你今天实际看到的大部分运河[基础设施]都是由巴拿马人建造的
Yet most of the [infrastructure] you actually see today was built by Panamanians.
它往往被认为是一个国家的成就
Yet it would be remembered as the achievement of a single president,
但实际上它是在几个国家的共同努力下完成的
while actually completed under several others,
他们都站在了前人的肩膀上
all while standing on the shoulders of other nations.
人类进步就要有超越时代的规模和野心
Human progress requires scale and ambition that exceeds generations.
而不仅仅是在他们的时代
Not just terms of office.
这条运河以及随后的项目
This and later projects were built
是在许多跨大洲国家和人民的努力下完成的
by many people and nations working together across continents.
有时要花费几个世纪。
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